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probably turned into a white arrow pointing down, enclosed in an orange star, informing you that updates are available. In addition, each time you boot, you will see a speech bubble telling you that updates are available. When your system is completely up-to-date, the icon is not visible. Clicking the Update Manager icon opens the Update Manager window, as shown in Figure 8-15. To go online and grab the updated files, simply click the Install Updates button at the bottom-right side of the window. You will probably be asked to enter your root password, because system files will need to be altered.

Listing 9-9. A Join Expressed with a Nested Query SELECT m.LastName, e.TourID FROM Entry e WHERE e.MemberID IN (SELECT m.MemberID FROM Member m WHERE m.MemberType = 'Senior')

Figure 8-15. You ll be informed if your system is in need of updates, and the Update Manager program can take care of everything for you. Be aware that some updates are large and may take some time to download, particularly if you re doing it for the first time after installing Ubuntu. After the downloads have finished, you probably won t need to reboot unless the kernel file has been updated. If you do need to reboot, or if the update requires you to take any other action (such as logging out and then back in again), the Update Manager icon in the notification area will turn into an information icon, or into two encircled arrows. You should then click the icon to see what action you re advised to take.

Although making a script interactive is a good way to get user input, it does have a disadvantage: it requires a user who provides input to your script. This is not ideal because many scripts are created to run automatically. Instead, such scripts can be started with specific parameters that are specified as arguments when the script is launched. For example, you would run the hello script from the previous section, just as ./hello hi to let it output the text hi. In this example, hi is the argument used by this script. To work with arguments that are provided when activating the script, you need names for them. The first argument is named $1, the second argument is $2, and so forth, up to $9 ($10 would be interpreted as $1, followed by a 0). So you re basically limited to the use of only nine arguments. If you need more than nine, use $@ as explained next in the Referring to Arguments section. The name of the script itself is referred to by using $0. Listing 7-7 is a simple example of a script that can work with arguments.

A sad fact of computing life is that all software applications have bugs of some kind Some of these are not serious (in fact, they may remain invisible), but some might lead to abnormal program termination, data corruption, or even system failure The worst bugs provide back doors into your system that can be used by crackers to wreak havoc Software developers fix reported bugs as quickly as possible (and one benefit of the open source approach is that solutions can come from third parties, speeding up the process), but the gap between discovering the bugs and providing a fix is a time when systems are vulnerable to attack Taking advantage of such a vulnerability is called a zero-day exploit.