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Each application can run in one of two modes: Enforce mode: In this mode, AppArmor implements the permissions and capabilities listed in the profile If the application tries to access a file or use a capability that is not listed in the profile, the operation will not be permitted Complain mode: In this mode, AppArmor records the violations incurred by an application when it violates the rules imposed in the profile and stores them in the system log These logs can be used later for creating or updating a profile of an application..

Figure 9-7. SQL Server query analyzer showing relative costs for three ways of expressing a join and select

To determine which profiles and programs are running in enforce or complain mode, open a terminal window (Applications Accessories Terminal) and issue the command sudo apparmor_status. To learn more about how to use AppArmor with Ubuntu, including how to create your own application profiles, see https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppArmor.

Listing 7-9. Showing the Difference Between $* and $@ #!/bin/bash # Script that shows the difference between $* and $@ # Usage: ./showdifference [arguments] echo echo echo echo "\$* "\$# "\$@ "The shows $*" shows $#" shows $@" name of the script itself is $0"

A firewall is a set of programs that protects your PC when it s online. It does this by watching incoming and outgoing connections between your PC and the Internet and allowing through only what it is sure is secure (which usually is what you ve asked for). It also attempts to close off various aspects of your Internet connection, so that crackers don t have a way in should they target your system. The benefit of configuring the firewall is that even if your system has security vulnerabilities because of buggy software, crackers will find it a lot harder to exploit them across the Internet. When someone attempts to probe your system, it will appear to be virtually invisible.

Caution Although software firewalls such as the one built into Linux offer a high level of protection, it s best to

In some cases, the way you express the query can make quite a difference. Consider a query to find members who have never entered tournament 25. Three different ways of expressing this query are shown in Listings 9-10, 9-11, and 9-12.

echo showing the interpretation of \$* for i in "$*" do echo $i done echo showing the interpretation of \$@ for i in "$@" do echo $i done Listing 7-10 shows what this script does when activated. Listing 7-10. Showing the Working of the Script from Listing 7-9 root@RNA:~/scripts# ./showdifference a b c d e f $* Shows a b c d e f $# shows 6 $@ shows a b c d e f The name of the script is ./showdifference showing the interpretation of $* a b c d e f showing the interpretation of $@ a b c d e f root@RNA:~/scripts# Now let s try to understand all of this. In the first part of the script (the lines that start with echo), we show the result of using the different items when running this script. You may notice that the lines start with a / before the $. This / makes sure that the $ is not interpreted the first time. The second time the same $ is referred to, I m not using the / because we actually want to see a real result.

use them in concert with a hardware firewall, such as that provided by most DSL/cable broadband routers (curiously, some of these routers actually use Linux s iptables software as well). Many security experts agree that relying solely on a software firewall to protect a PC affords less than the optimal level of protection.

Although Ubuntu includes a powerful firewall in the form of iptables, you ll also need a program that can manage it. Here we show you how to use Firestarter, available from the Ubuntu software repository, for this purpose. The configured built-in firewall really does provide very strong protection.

Until this moment, we ve looked at just normal name resolution in which a name is resolved into an IP address. As I ve mentioned, on a DNS server, you need reversed name resolution as well. To configure reversed lookup, you first need to set up the /etc/bind/named.conf.local file with the information about the zone you want to configure it for. As discussed earlier, this part of the configuration should look like the following lines: zone "100.100.201.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "/etc/bind/db.100.100.201"; }; Next, you need to set up the zone file for reverse lookup as well. Listing 9-7 shows a typical reverse lookup file. As instructed in the named.conf.local file, this definition comes from the file /etc/bind/db.100.100.201.

Note Power users might choose to configure Ubuntu s firewall without installing Firestarter. The command-line